An affordance is a quality in a designed object or interface that encourages human action. For instance, a doorknob is for turning, a plate on a door is for pushing, and a handle is for pulling.

An artifact is a designed object (analog or digital). Artifacts can be crafted by a single hand, or emerge from social interaction (such as a database of user-generated content).

Brainstorms are collaborative open design sessions focusing on exploring as many ideas as quickly as possible for a given problem.

Brief (Design or Creative)
A brief is a document describing the core elements and goals of a design project, meant to guide design teams as they work on a problem.

A charrette is an intensive period of designing, often including an entire design cycle, from brainstorm to prototype.

As it sounds, collaborative design is design undertaken by a team rather than a single "auteur" or designer.

While there's no single "design process", there are a set of methods designers use to guide the creative process. Generally, designers use an iterative process that relies on repeated prototyping and testing to arrive at a final design.

Design thinking is methodology that can be used in a variety of contexts and fields. It emphasizes thinking through making - learning by prototyping and testing prototypes iteratively to reveal new solutions and ideas.

Prototyping is a first step to making ideas tangible and testable. The key to prototyping is that they take form quickly so that they can be tested and modified based on feedback.